This study explored the health, gender, and economic benefits of self-employment in China from 2000 to 2021. The findings using descriptive analysis and graphs, indicate a steady improvement in life expectancy, suggesting advancements in healthcare and living conditions, while self-employment participation has fluctuated, revealing its potential as a flexible income source during economic downturns. Despite a decline in employment in formal sector, self-employment appears to contribute to economic resilience, offering alternative employment avenues. Additionally, the study highlights a modest decline in gender inequality alongside decreasing participation in self-employment, indicating a possible shift towards more stable employment structures that promote equity. We conclude that self-employment can enhance health outcomes, support gender equity, and provide economic stability. We recommend continued policy support to sustain its benefits within China’s evolving labour landscape.

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Norwani NM, Ismail Z, Nasir NNA, Yusof R and Jamaluddin

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NSA. The Influence of Gender, Age, Academic Level

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and Motivation on Satisfaction toward Benefits

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Received by Gig Economy Workers in

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Malaysia. Archives of Business Research, 2022,

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(12), 89-105.

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Joshi A, Jain S and Gupta PK. Challenges and impact of the

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gig economy. Sustainable Economies, 2024, 2(2), 96-

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Weil D. Understanding the present and future of work in the

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fissured workplace context. RSF: The Russell Sage

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Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 2019, 5(5),

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-165.

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Freni-Sterrantino A and Salerno V. A plea for the need to

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investigate the health effects of GigEconomy. Frontiers in public health, 2021, 9, 638767.

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Brock J. Exploring Work-Life Balance as an Organizational

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Strategy: A Qualitative Study (Doctoral dissertation,

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Capella University), 2023.

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Ashford SJ, Caza BB and Reid EM. From surviving to

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thriving in the gig economy: A research agenda for

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individuals in the new world of work. Research in

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Organizational Behavior, 2018, 38, 23-41.

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Hall JV and Krueger AB. An analysis of the labor market for

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Uber’s driver-partners in the United States. Ilr

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Review, 2018, 71(3), 705-732.

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Petriglieri G, Ashford SJ and Wrzesniewski A. Agony and

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ecstasy in the gig economy: Cultivating holding

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environments for precarious and personalized work

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identities. Administrative Science Quarterly, 2019,

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(1), 124-170.

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Wang T and Cooke FL. Internet Platform Employment in

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China: Legal Challenges and Implications for Gig

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Workers through the Lens of Court

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Decisions. Relations Industrielles/Industrial

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Relations, 2021, 76(3), 541-564.

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Abraham KG, Hershbein B and Houseman SN. Contract

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work at older ages. Journal of Pension Economics &

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Finance, 2021, 20(3), 426-447.

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Kasliwal R. Gender and the gig economy: A qualitative

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study of gig platforms for women workers. Observer

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Research Foundation, 2020, ORF Issue Brief, 359.

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James A. Women in the gig economy: feminising ‘digital

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labour’. Work in the Global Economy, 2022, 2(1), 2-26.

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Glavin P and Schieman S. Dependency and hardship in the

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gig economy: The mental health consequences of

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platform work. Socius, 2022, 8, 23780231221082414.

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Lu J, Xiao Q and Wang T. Does the digital economy

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generate a gender dividend for female employment?

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Evidence from China. Telecommunications Policy,

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, 47(6), 102545.

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Babo SRS and Odame A. Where have all the women gone?

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The gender gap in Ghana’s gig economy. HIIG

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Discussion Paper Series, 2023, 2, 1-14.

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Salleh NM, Shukry SNM, Maylyn V and Jokinol C.

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Analyzing the Challenges, Effects, and Motivations of

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Gig Economy Workers. Social Sciences, 2023, 13(6),

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-2142.

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Vučeković M, Avlijaš G, Marković MR, Radulović D,

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Dragojević A and Marković D. The relationship

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between working in the “gig” economy and perceived

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subjective well-being in Western Balkan

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countries. Frontiers in Psychology, 2023, 14, 1180532.

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World Bank. (2023). World Development Indicators.

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Available at:

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https://databank.wprldbank.org/source/worlddevelopment-indicators. (Accessed 20 October 2024)

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Teorell, J., Sundström, A., Holmberg, S., Rothstein, B.,

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Alvarado Pachon, N., Mert Dalli, C. and Nilsson, P.

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(2024). The Quality of Government Standard Dataset,

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Version Jan24. University of Gothenburg: The Quality

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of Government Institute.

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Ciobanu AM. The impact of FDI on economic growth in

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case of Romania. International journal of economics

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and finance, 2021, 12(12), 1-81.

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Jeon SH, Liu H and Ostrovsky Y. Measuring the gig

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economy in Canada using administrative

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data. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue

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canadienne d'économique, 2021, 54(4), 1638-1666.

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Zhou D, Bassey RA, Yan M and Aderemi TA. Do health

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expenditures affect under-five mortality and life

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expectancy in ECOWAS sub-Region. African Journal

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of Reproductive Health, 2023, 27(8), 105-113.

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Ozili PK. Central bank digital currency, economic growth

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and inflation. Journal of Money and Business, 2024.

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Chandana A, Adamu J and Musa A. Impact of government

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expenditure on economic growth in Nigeria, 1970-

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CBN Journal of Applied Statistics (JAS), 2024,

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(2), 6.

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Okunkova EA, Kosorukova IV, Lazareva TG, Korolyuk EV

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and Bogomolova AV. Global gig economy: prospects

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and key growth threats for developing

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countries. International Journal of Work

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Innovation, 2023, 3(4), 403-417.

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Azuh DE, Osabohien R, Orbih M and Godwin A. Public

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health expenditure and under-five mortality in Nigeria:

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An overview for policy intervention. Open Access

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Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences.

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;8(E):353-62.

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Feng Y, Ahuru RR, Anser MK, Osabohien R, Ahmad M and

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Efegber AH. Household economic wealth management

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and antenatal care utilization among business women in

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the reproductive-age. African Journal of Reproductive

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Health. 2021;25(6):143-54.

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Jakovljevic M, Liu Y, Cerda A, Simonyan M, Correia T,

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Mariita RM, Kumara AS, Garcia L, Krstic K,

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Osabohien R and Toan TK. The Global South political

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economy of health financing and spending landscape–

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history and presence. Journal of medical economics.

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;24(1):25-33.

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https://doi.org/10.1080/13696998.2021.2007691

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Nasir MH, Anser MK, Ahuru RR, Osabohien R, Ebiaku KC

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and Abbas S. A comparative study of the effect of

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health insurance on women’s use of health facility

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delivery: Evidence from demographic health survey in

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Benin Republic. African Journal of Reproductive

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Health. 2022;26(6):104-15.

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Obasaju B, Adama I, Ishola OP, Oloyede F, Osabohien R,

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Aregbesola A and Onabote A. Effects of immunisation

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on child mortality in West Africa. In 2023 International

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Conference on Science, Engineering and Business for

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Sustainable Development Goals (SEB-SDG). IEEE.

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(2023). https://doi.org/10.1109/SEBSDG57117.2023.10124485

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Osabohien R, Jaaffar AH, Akpa AF and Jakovljevic M.

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Mobile money, medical cost anxiety and welfare of

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individuals within the reproductive age in Malaysia.

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Humanities and Social Sciences Communications.

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(2024). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-02767-2

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Sui Y, Ahuru RR, Huang K, Anser MK and Osabohien R.

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Household socioeconomic status and antenatal care

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utilization among women in the reproductive-age.

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Frontiers in public health. 2022;9:724337.

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https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.724337

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Hao S, Yang H, Bi R, Akinbode S O and Aderemi T A.

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Effects of remittances on life expectancy and underfive mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence using

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Generalized Method of Moments analysis. African

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