Gender Equality and Childbirth in a Health Facility: Nigeria and MDG5

Kavita Singh, Shelah Bloom, Erica Haney, Comfort Olorunsaiye, Paul Brodish

Abstract

This paper examined how addressing gender equality can lead to reductions in maternal mortality in Nigeria through an increased use of facility delivery.  Because the majority of maternal complications cannot be predicted and often arise suddenly during labor, delivery and the immediate postpartum period, childbirth in a health facility is key to reducing maternal mortality.  This paper used data from the 2008 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) to examine associations of gender measures on the utilization of facility delivery after controlling for socio-demographic factors.  Four gender equality measures were studied: household decision-making, financial decision-making, attitudes towards wife beating, and attitudes regarding a wife’s ability to refuse sex.  Results found older, more educated, wealthier, urban, and working women were more likely to have a facility delivery than their counterparts.  In addition ethnicity was a significant variable indicating the importance of cultural and regional diversity.  Notably, after controlling for the socioeconomic variables, two of the gender equality variables were significant: household decision-making and attitudes regarding a wife’s ability to refuse sex. In resource-poor settings such as Nigeria, women with more decision-making autonomy are likely better able to advocate for and access a health facility for childbirth.  Thus programs and policies that focus on gender in addition to focusing on education and poverty have the potential to reduce maternal mortality even further (Afr J Reprod Health 2012; 16[3]: 122-128).

 

Résumé

 

Cette étude a examiné comment  le  traitement de l'égalité des sexes peut aboutir  à des réductions de la mortalité maternelle au Nigeria, grâce à    une utilisation accrue des services des établissements de santé pour l’accouchement. Parce que la majorité des complications maternelles ne peuvent pas être prédites et parce qu’elles surviennent souvent subitement  pendant le travail, pendant l'accouchement et la période immédiate du post-partum, l'accouchement dans un établissement de santé est la clé pour réduire la mortalité maternelle. Cette étude  a utilisé les données de l'Enquête Démographique et de Santé de 2008 au Nigéria (DHS) pour examiner les associations entre les mesures des sexes  sur l'utilisation des établissements de santé pour l’accouchement après le contrôle de facteurs sociodémographiques.  Quatre mesures d'égalité des sexes ont été étudiées: les décisions du ménage, la prise de décisions financières, les attitudes envers la violence conjugale, et les attitudes concernant la capacité d'une femme pour refuser des rapports sexuels. Les résultats ont révélé que les femmes  plus âgées, plus éduquées, plus riches, qui habitent  en milieu urbain et les femmes qui travaillent, sont plus susceptibles d'accoucher dan un établissement de santé que leurs homologues.  En outre, l'appartenance ethnique était un variable significatif qui montre l'importance de la diversité culturelle et régionale. Notamment, après le contrôle pour des variables socioéconomiques, deux des variables d’égalité entre les sexes étaient  importantes: les décisions du ménage et les attitudes en ce qui concerne la capacité d'une femme de refuser des rapports sexuels. Dans les milieux défavorisés tels que le Nigéria, les femmes qui ont plus d’autonomie décisionnelle sont probablement mieux placées pour plaider en faveur de l'établissement de santé et de l'accès à l'accouchement.  Ainsi, les programmes et les politiques qui mettent l'accent sur les sexes  en plus de mettre l'accent sur l'éducation et la pauvreté ont le potentiel de réduire la mortalité maternelle même davantage (Afr J Reprod Health 2012; 16[3]: 122-128).

 

  Keywords: decision-making, autonomy, gender norms, facility delivery, maternal mortality

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